In the 1940s Allen Ginsberg fell in with Jack Kerouac and William Burroughs, and formed the nucleus of the Beat writers “Beat” short for “beatific,” a term given them by Kerouac. He moved to San Francisco and began work on his poem, “Howl,” published in 1956; “Kaddish” followed a few years later. He admitted that his best-known pieces were written while on drugs: “Howl” with peyote, “Kaddish” with amphetamines. Ginsberg later maintained that meditation and yoga were far superior to drugs to raise one’s consciousness. Shortly before he died, three years ago, he said he wanted to be remembered as a poet “in the tradition of the old-time American transcendentalist individualism… Thoreau, Emerson, Whitman … just carrying it on into the 20th century.”
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